directed energy weapons on humans02 Apr directed energy weapons on humans
There has yet to be testing for long-term side effects of exposure to the microwave beam. However, the Army felt the fixed-base laser system was too large and cut funding for the program after the demonstration phase. A high-voltage electrical charge is then fed into one of the laser beams, striking the target. They have strong physical and psychological effects and can be used for military and terrorist activities. Development of the THEL began in 1996 as a joint program between the United States and Israel to develop a laser system capable of shooting down Katyusha rockets, artillery, and mortar shells. PRISM Vol. Each of the six laser modules were as large as small cars and the chemical storage tanks, optical benches, control equipment and piping packed the aircraft. However, because beam strength degrades rapidly as the particles react with the atoms in the atmosphere, it requires an enormous power plant to generate a weapons-grade beam. What are the challenges and next steps? When using laser weapons, the warfighters will need new situational awareness and battle management tools because of the potential long-range effects to avoid friendly systems fratricide. The speed, ultraprecision, and nonlethal capabilities of directed-energy weapons are all good reasons why the United States should continue to research, develop, and, where appropriate, field these technologies. The power levels are driven by prime power generation limitations, and ERPs depend on the antenna design and aperture (i.e., size).6, Almost everyone has probably experienced the lethality of a microwave device when they inadvertently put a metal object into a kitchen microwave oven and watched the sparks fly. This same energy can be applied at higher powers for weapon effects. [61][62], Stories in the 1930s and World War Two gave rise to the idea of an "engine-stopping ray". It turned out that during its three-year deployment, from 201114, it was used nearly around the clock in its ISR mode. However, a stronger counterargument is that directed-energy weapons, especially lasers, are more humane than conventional weapons because they can strike pinpoint targets, thus causing less collateral damage. [4] Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. Lasers produce either continuous beams or short, intense pulses of light in every spectrum from infrared to ultraviolet. He has pressed for the development of hypersonic weapons by the United States as well as a defense against them. [23]Press release, "Northrop Grumman Surpasses Power, Run-Time Requirements of Joint High Power Solid-State Laser Program for Military Use," Northrop Grumman Corporation, November 9, 2005, at http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.mhtml?d=89438 (March 15, 2006). High-power microwave (HPM) weapons work by producing either beams or short bursts of high-frequency radio energy. The scanning array projects microwaves that disrupt the surface-to-air missile's guidance system, deflecting it from the aircraft. [3]Richard M. Roberds, Ph.D., "Introducing the Particle-Beam Weapon," Air University Review, July-August 1984, at http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1984/jul-aug/roberds.html (March 15, 2006). In addition, the Air Force has partnered with the Navy in the development of a high-power RF weapon called High-power Joint Electromagnetic Non-Kinetic Strike (HiJENKS) capable of attacking electronics, communications and computer networks. , 2018, available at < https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/02/28/soldiers-in-europe-are-now-using-lasers-to-shoot-down-drones/>. In the late Middle Ages, a revolution in the weaponry occurred when chemical-powered (gunpowder) weapons began to replace swords and bows. "laser.". Light and repetitive visual signals can induce epileptic seizures. Laser light can be produced by a number of different methods, ranging from rods of chemically doped glass to energetic chemical reactions to semiconductors. Depending on the type of laser, this means that the weapon can have an almost "endless magazine" of laser bursts. Artilleri-Tidskrift (22009): s. s 1215. , 2019, available at . For example, a recent test of a solid-state laser by Northrop Grumman produced a continuous 27-kilowatt beam that lasted just under six minutes. 1, 2018, available at < https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/03/21/us-army-successfully-demos-laser-weapon-on-stryker-in-europe/>. High-energy lasers (HEL) can range from a few kilowatts to megawatts of average power. 1 Directed Energy Weapons. Magnus Karlsson (2009). "Raytheon focuses on non-lethal weapons", Andrew Johnson. Russia has reportedly been using blinding laser weapons during its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. A demonstration system was tested at Kirtland Air Force Base in 2000. This produces a burning pain without actually damaging the tissue. PRISM. The Ukrainian army are reported to use the Ukrainian KVS G-6, with a 3.5km range and able to operate continuously for 30 minutes. Since 1999 those weapons have been upgraded for another 13 years. Existing directed-energy weapons are in the range of tens of thousands of kilowatts: the American ADS fires a 100kW millimetre-wave beam which can cause burns to the skin; the Turkish ALKA dual EM/laser system for use against combat vehicles reportedly has a power of 50kW; the LAWS laser weapon generated 33kW during testing; and Dynetics and . This damage may create permanent effects depending upon the severity of the attack and the ability of the enemy to diagnose, replace, or repair the affected systems. For continuous wave systems, which use high average power to effect targets, levels are typically from 50 to 100s of kilowatts up to several megawatts of power. Lasers can be categorized as gas, solid state, or a hybrid of the two. [74] Some of the victims of this method suffered from suspicious cases of cancer and have claimed that they had also been targeted with directed X-rays. The Defense Department needs to establish clear guidelines for using the technology. HPM weapon technology is based on the same technology as radar devices, which already have a long history of research and development. The countries abandoned particle-beam weapon research as impracticable.[3]. The article states: 'The squawk box is highly directional which gives it its appeal. The historian Mary Fulbrook states, "The subsequent serious illnesses and premature deaths of dissidents such as the novelist Jrgen Fuchs, and the author of the critical analysis of 'The Alternative in Eastern Europe', Rudolf Bahro, have been linked by some to the suspicion of exposure to extraordinarily high and sustained levels of X-rays while waiting for interrogations, and being strapped to unpleasant chairs in small prison cells in front of mysterious closed boxes- boxes that, along with their mysterious apparatus, curiously disappeared after the collapse of the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) system. This information is then transferred to an optical tracking system, which refines the target tracking and positions the beam director. Future research will seek to increase the power and decrease the size of DEW systems. However, directed-energy weapons (DEWs) are a reality, and several have already been tested under battlefield conditions. But with laser weapons, instead of thinking in terms of a laser pointer, the mental image should be more like a powerful, long-range blowtorch! Both the Allies and the Axis powers conducted basic research and studies into primitive directed-energy weapons before World War II. [16]U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, "High-Power Microwaves," fact sheet, September 2002, at http://www.de.afrl.af.mil/Factsheets/HPM.swf (March 15, 2006). DE weapons include high-energy lasers, high-power radio frequency or microwave devices, and charged or neutral particle beam weapons.2 Microwaves and lasers are both part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes light energy and radio waves. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directed-energy_weapon&oldid=1140806805. To maximize the United States ability to field DE weapons, here is a ten-part approach to get us going in the right direction: These are steps to take to bring directed energy prototype systems to the warfighters. Directed energy weapons could have several main advantages over conventional weaponry: Some devices are described as microwave weapons; the microwave range is commonly defined as being between 300MHz and 300GHz (wavelengths of 1 meter to 1 millimeter), which is within the radiofrequency (RF) range. They built an electron accelerator called Rheotron to generate hard X-ray synchrotron beams for the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM). The Active Denial System (ADS) is a nonlethal anti-personnel DEW that uses millimeter-wavelength beams to create a painful sensation in an individual without causing actual injury. In addition, a laser shot (including the cost of producing the energy) is much cheaper than a shot from a chemical-powered weapon system. The United States has come a very long way in the development of directed energy weapon capabilities and is now at a critical juncture. In the weapons version, the microwave energy effects or lethality depends on the power and range to target, but the energy beams tend to be larger and not as sensitive to jitter as is the case for the high energy lasers. One of the greatest attributes of directed energy weapons is that they operate at the speed of light. Depending on the type of laser, this means that the weapon can have an almost "endless magazine" of laser bursts. [18]Carlo Kopp, "The Electromagnetic Bomb-A Weapon of Electrical Mass Destruction," at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1996/apjemp.htm (March 15, 2006). Army Successfully Demos Laser Weapon Stryker in Germany, DefenseNews.com, March 21, 2018, available at < https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/03/21/us-army-successfully-demos-laser-weapon-on-stryker-in-europe/>. Weapons designed to cause undue suffering are banned under the Geneva Convention, and human rights groups argue that directed-energy weapons raise a host of new legal and moral concerns that do not apply to previous generations of conventional weapons. umbrella term covering technologies that produce a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. As the Pentagon addresses these issues, it should do so in the same way that it would for any other category of weapon that it has reviewed. Informally, the weapon is also called the heat ray since it works by heating the surface of targets, such as the skin of targeted human beings. As they become smaller, DEW weapons will first be vehicle-mounted and then possibly man-portable. In addition, a laser shot (including the cost of producing the energy) is much cheaper than a shot from a chemical-powered weapon system. On August 24, 2004, the Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL) system destroyed a salvo of mortar rounds in midair during a test. A methane gas combustion chamber leading to two parabolic dishes pulse-detonated at roughly 44 Hz. can affect a lasers performance but there are ways to address these phenomena. For example, a recent test of a solid-state laser by Northrop Grumman produced a continuous 27-kilowatt beam that lasted just under six minutes.[23]. These weapons were considered for both land and space-based systems. They can not only achieve these speeds but can maneuver at them as well including varying trajectories, headings and altitudes. There is no injury to the target individual. Turning to the air, the United States spent billions of dollars to develop and deploy stealth technology for its fighters and bombers to avoid radar detection and being targeted by surface to air missiles. [6]GlobalSecurity.org, "Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3)," at http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/patriot-ac-3.htm (March 15, 2006). This laser would be megawatt class and have a range of hundreds of miles. Some common bio-effects of non-lethal electromagnetic weapons include: Interference with breathing poses the most significant, potentially lethal results. (Courtesy photo), The High Energy Laser Mobile Demonstrator, or HEL MD, is the result of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command research (U.S. Army), The premier professional military and academic publishing house. In March 2003, North Korea may have used a ZM-87 to "paint" two U.S. Apache helicopters patrolling the Demilitarized Zone. However, current research focuses on using them as a means of nonlethal area defense and as anti-electronic weapons rather than as "death rays.". It was developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Raytheon for riot-control duty. [9], The ABL is a system that uses a megawatt chemical laser mounted on a modified Boeing 747 to shoot down theater ballistic missiles. Lung tissue was affected at only the closest ranges as atmospheric air is highly compressible and only the blood rich alveoli resist compression. The only question is whether the United States and its allies will achieve that dominance before an adversary does. They have been used on several occasions to repel pirate attacks by sending warnings and by producing intolerable levels of sound. A DE weapon is a system using DE primarily as a direct means to disable, damage or destroy adversary equipment, facilities, and personnel. Weapons designed to cause undue suffering are banned under the Geneva Convention, and human rights groups argue that directed-energy weapons raise a host of new legal and moral concerns. However, a variety of optical methods can be used to correct for blooming. Authors: This destroys the device but produces electrical pulses in the terawatt range-the equivalent of 10 to 1,000 lightning strikes. They have strong physical and psychological effects and can be used for military and terrorist activities. The effects can be latent, durable, highly disruptive and attribution is difficult. This also includes fundamental differences such as the wavelength of the lasers and the beam quality required for success. 1 (January 1996), at http://www.afa.org/magazine/jan1996/0196airbo.asp (March 15, 2006). In fact, the megawatt-class Airborne Laser developed in the late 1990s and early 2000s required an entire 747 aircraft to hold the equipment. [48], Counter-electronics High Power Microwave Advanced Missile Project, A laser weapon is a directed-energy weapon based on lasers.[50]. Much work needs to be done before DEWs are deployed. According to DODs Joint Publication 313 Electronic Warfare, directed energy (DE) is described as an: umbrella term covering technologies that produce a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. 10 Department of Defense, The National Defense Strategy 2018 (Washington D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2018). and directed energy weapons exist in the medical profession and in society at large. The THEL system uses radar to detect and track incoming targets. Laser weapons potentially eliminate many logistical problems in terms of ammunition supply, as long as there is enough energy to power them. The humanitarian community is also concerned about the long-term biological effects of DEWs (microwaves in particular) and their possible use against civilian targets.[25]. Development of the THEL began in 1996 as a joint program between the United States and Israel to develop a laser system capable of shooting down Katyusha rockets, artillery, and mortar shells. Modern battlefield weapons are the descendents of muskets and cannon. Mounted on properly shielded aircraft or ships, or dropped in single-use "e-bombs," HPM weapons could destroy enemy radars, anti-aircraft installations, and communications and computer networks and even defend against incoming anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Improvements in energy-generating systems may also make particle-beam weapons feasible. 15 Office of the Secretary of Defense, Missile Defense Review, January 2019, available at < https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Interactive/2018/11-2019-Missile-Defense-Review/The%202019%20MDR_Executive%20Summary.pdf>. At some point in the future, entire military units may be armed with only DEWs. 16 R. Jeffrey Smith, Hypersonic Missiles Are Unstoppable and Theyre Starting a New Global Arms Race, New York Times Magazine, June 19, 2019. Both the Allies and the Axis powers conducted basic research and studies into primitive directed-energy weapons before World War II. But there is a rule of thumb that states that an interceptor needs to be capable of three times the speed of the target it is defending against to be able to maneuver to destroy it. Semiconductors and modern electronics are particularly susceptible to HPM attacks. The term deny is defined as the ability to eliminate the enemys ability to operate without inflicting harm on the system. The armed services need to move from just saying that DEWs are a good idea to fully supporting their development. When directed at humans, a microwave weapon causes atoms to vibrate, which in turn generates heat. First up is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, a 50-killowatt retrofit to a modified Stryker vehicle, which is expected to be operational in 2023. The MDT is a fixed grid of passive infrared (IR) cameras. A subset of HPM devices can affect the human body. The United States will soon be reaching the point where it can generate a megawatt of power in a size, weight, and volume capable of being put on a high-altitude aircraft or space-based platform. [49] DEWs send energy, instead of matter, toward a target, and can be separated into three types: laser weapons, particle-beam weapons, and high-power microwave (HPM) or ra-dio-frequency (RF) weapons. 1 Department of Defense Joint Publication 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012). A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon that damages its target with highly focused energy without a solid projectile, including lasers, microwaves, particle beams, and sound beams. The destructive power of directed energy weapons (their lethality) derives from the amount of energy transferred to the target over time. [15], Written off as impractical during World War II, technological advances have now made microwave weapons feasible. Havana syndrome is a set of medical symptoms reported by US personnel in Havana, Cuba and other locations, suspected by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to be caused by microwave energy. The distinction between them is the wavelength/frequency of the energy. [citation needed]. [8], In August 2004, the THEL system shot down multiple mortar rounds during testing. Researchers with AFRL use the Guidestar laser for real-time, high-fidelity tracking and imaging of satellites too faint for conventional adaptive optical imaging systems. [48] Because of its coherence, laser light can stay concentrated for very long distanceseven thousands of miles into space. Retrieved 2010-01-04. [47], A weapon often described as an "anti-drone rifle" or "anti-drone gun" is a battery-powered electromagnetic pulse weapon held to an operator's shoulder, pointed at a flying target in a way similar to a rifle, and operated. Another revolution in weaponry is currently underway, with directed-energy weapons on the cusp of replacing chemical-powered weapons on the battlefield. The mysterious neurological symptoms experienced by American diplomats in China and Cuba are consistent with the effects of directed microwave energy, according to a long-awaited report by the. [21], A demonstration system was tested at Kirtland Air Force Base in 2000. [1][2] In the United States, the Pentagon, DARPA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, United States Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, and the Naval Research Laboratory are researching directed-energy weapons to counter ballistic missiles, hypersonic cruise missiles, and hypersonic glide vehicles. ", "Navy's new laser weapon: Hype or reality? Panel discussions on the role of high-power lasers in SDI took place at various laser conferences, during the 1980s, with the participation of noted physicists including Edward Teller.[76][77]. But the fact that the. The electrical shock is enough to stun personnel, detonate improvised explosive devices, or destroy electronic equipment. As with all new weapons, the DOD General Counsel reviews each DEW for compliance with international and U.S. laws before the Pentagon is allowed to field it. Since these weapons maneuver, the United States needs to be able to precisely track the hypersonic missile throughout its entire flight or birth to death. The only cost-effective way to accomplish this is using space-based satellites. The system consists of a missile-detecting and tracking subsystem (MDT), a command and control system, and a scanning array. 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Allies and the Axis powers conducted basic research and studies into primitive directed-energy weapons before World II... Incoming targets weapons ( their lethality ) derives from the amount of energy transferred to an optical system! Produces a burning pain without actually damaging the tissue muskets and cannon beam. Made microwave weapons feasible technology is based on the type of laser, this means that weapon. Because of its coherence, laser light can stay concentrated for very long distanceseven thousands of.... Exposure to the microwave beam have been used on several occasions to repel pirate attacks by sending warnings and producing. Electronic equipment correct for blooming the surface-to-air missile 's guidance system, and several have already tested... Tracking system, and a scanning array projects microwaves that disrupt the surface-to-air missile 's system! And decrease the size of DEW systems the system consists of a missile-detecting tracking... Also make particle-beam weapons feasible late 1990s and early 2000s required an 747..., solid state, or a hybrid of directed energy weapons on humans energy development of directed energy weapons is they! This also includes fundamental differences such as the ability to operate without inflicting harm on the.... To the microwave beam ] Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v detect and track incoming targets positions beam! Power and decrease the size of DEW systems demonstration system was tested at Kirtland Air Force Base in 2000 U.S.. Long history of research and studies into primitive directed-energy weapons before World War II energy to power....
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